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THE ROOTS
The Qing dynasty closed China
to maritime trade in 1757, just at the moment when European nations were
expanding their international commerce. Guangzhou (Canton) was the only
legal port for trade between China and the outside world until 1843. This
southeastern region, which includes modern Guangdong province, was
commonly referred to as Lingnan, and produced some of the most important
political thinkers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
including Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who advocated replacing the
imperial system with a constitutional monarchy, and Sun Yat-sen, who
established China's first republic in 1911.
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